Author: Will

1 Peter 2:10 – Humbling Realization

who once were not a people but are now the people of God, who had not obtained mercy but now have obtained mercy.

Truth to Learn

God shows us mercy because He wants to, not because we want Him to.

 

Behind the Words

The Greek word translated “once” is pote, which means “at some time,” “previously,” or “in the past.” It does not mean “one time,” as might be inferred from some translations.

“A people” is translated from laos, which refers to “a group of people joined together by a common trait.” This common trait can be ancestry, locality, experience, or beliefs.

 

Meaning Explained

Prior to the time of Christ, the only people who were considered the people of God were the Israelites. In fact, there is a bit of a play on words in the previous verse. The word translated as “nation” in the previous verse (holy nation) is the generic term for a race or a tribe and is the term that Israelites used for all gentiles (those who are not Israelites). The Israelites believed that any gentile was outside the choosing and blessing of God.

Here Peter is saying that we who had been considered outside the blessing of God, we who were not the people of God, now are the people of God. We, who had not received mercy because we were outside of God’s chosen few, have now received mercy because we are His chosen few.

The prophet Hosea predicted this millennia ago:

and I will have mercy upon her that had not obtained mercy; and I will say to them who were not my people, You are my people; and they shall say, You are my God.  (Hosea 2:23)

And, the Apostle Paul said it this way:

Therefore remember that formerly you, the Gentiles in the flesh, who are called "Uncircumcision" by the so-called "Circumcision," which is performed in the flesh by human hands– that you were at that time separate from Christ, excluded from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers to the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. But now in Christ Jesus you who formerly were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ.  (Ephesians 2:11-14)

Some people believe that the doctrine of election produces lazy Christians. After all, if God chose me to be saved, doing all the work Himself, and He has promised never to lose me, all I have to do is sit back and enjoy it, right? But if we see it through Peter’s eyes, we see how priceless the gift is, and we realize how unworthy we are. This should drive us to our knees in humble thanksgiving and cause us to lift our hands in praise to Him. It should also motivate us to serve Him in whatever capacity He has called us to, with determination and humility.

 

Application

Give praise to God who has broken down the wall and has drawn us to Himself out of the darkness into His marvelous light and has declared us righteous through faith. Through His grace, we have the greatest gift of all, and we don’t deserve it!

Now, what are you going to do about it?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 1:22 – Purified Evidence

having purified your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit in sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly with a pure heart,

Truth to Learn

There should be evidence of our salvation if it is real.

 

Behind the Words

“Purified” is the translation of a form of hagnidzō, which means “to make clean” or “to purify.” Figuratively, it means “to set apart” or “to sanctify.” In this context it is a reference to our having cleansed our souls from sin. It is expressed here in the perfect tense indicating past completed action with an ongoing effect; we have been cleansed, therefore we are forever pure.

The word translated “obeying” is hupakoē, which is made up of hupo, meaning “under” and a form of akouō, meaning “to hear.” It refers to someone who not only hears instruction, but also submits to it and obeys it.

“Brotherly love” is from the Greek philadelphia, which is made up of a form of philos, meaning “a friend” and adelphos, meaning “a brother.” Hence, this word literally refers to brotherly friendship or brotherly love.

The word translated “sincere” is the Greek anupokritos, which literally means “without acting” or “without hypocrisy.”

The word “love” in the latter half of this verse is translated from the Greek, agapaō, which refers to Godly, self-sacrificing love. It is expressed here in the imperative mood, indicating that it is a command, not a suggestion.

 

 

Meaning Explained

A more literal translation of this verse might be, “Having purified your souls in obedience to the truth through the Spirit, resulting in sincere brotherly love, fervently love one another out of a pure heart.”

What Peter is saying is that one of the evidences of obedience to God’s truth is a purification of our souls. That is, when we submit to the knowledge that we are sinners, that God demands purity, and we accept the blood of Christ as payment for our sins, we are saved and we are spiritually purified. The evidence of that salvation is displayed by our brotherly love for others. Now that we have attained that level of purity, Peter commands us to take the next step by fervently loving other Christians self-sacrificingly, and to do so sincerely, out of a pure heart.

When asked which is the greatest commandment, Jesus responded to the questioning lawyer,

You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like it, you shall love your neighbor as yourself. (Matthew 22:37-39)

This is the same message Peter is trying to get across to us in today’s verse.

 

Application

Is your salvation evident by the way you treat others? Do your unsaved friends now see you as different? Kinder? Do you place the welfare of your brothers and sisters in Christ above your own?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:9 – Praising Chosen Ones

But you are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people acquired by God, so that you may proclaim the praises of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light;

Truth to Learn

We were chosen to give praise to God.

 

Behind the Words

The expression “chosen generation” is from the Greek, genos elekton, which literally means “selected descendents” or “chosen off-spring.”

“Royal priesthood” comes from the Greek basileion hierateuma, which literally means “kingly priesthood.”

The expression “holy nation” comes from the Greek ethnos hagion, which means “holy race” or “sanctified nation."

“A people acquired”’ comes from the Greek laos eis peripoiēsin which means “acquired people” or “purchased people.”

 

Meaning Explained

In contrast to the previous verse where Peter talked about the unsaved being appointed to stumbling, here he refers to the saved as being chosen children. Peter, like the Apostle Paul writing in Ephesians and elsewhere, is not shy about teaching that we are chosen by God. The Bible does not tell us what God’s criteria were for choosing us, simply that God has chosen us and has purchased us (see study on 1 Peter 1:18).

Peter says a couple of other very interesting things about us in this verse as well. We are a royal priesthood and a holy nation. Since we were adopted (Romans 8:15, Galatians 4:5, Ephesians 1:5) by the King of Kings when we were saved, we are now part of the Kingly family, and Peter already told us that as part of the church we are part of the priesthood, which makes us a kingly, or royal, priesthood. And, since we were baptized, or placed, into Christ (Galatians 3:27) when we were saved, we have been set-apart from the unsaved. The whole notion of holiness or sanctification carries with it the idea of being set-apart.

The purpose, according to Peter, of our being chosen, purchased, set-apart, and made priests, is so that we might declare the praises of God who called us out of the darkness into His marvelous light. According to the Apostle Paul:

There is none that is understanding, there is none who is seeking after God (Romans 3:11)

Therefore, if He had not called us out of the darkness, we would never have wandered out of it on our own accord. For this reason, and this reason alone, we should be proclaiming His praises. But beyond having chosen and called us, He has made us His own children and promised us a great inheritance! All this, as Paul says:

while we were yet sinners … (Romans 5:8a)

 

Application

If you are a born-again Christian, then God has chosen you to be His child and has set you apart from the rest of mankind so that you might proclaim His praises. Therefore, praise God for His great love with which He loved us, and chose us, and sanctified us! Praise Him now!

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:8 – Stumbling Disobedience

and a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense to the ones who are stumbling at the word, being unbelieving, — to which also they were appointed.

Truth to Learn

Those who reject God’s call are condemned because they don’t believe.

 

Behind the Words

The word translated “stone” is lithos, which is a primary word that refers to any stone independent of size, whereas the word translated “rock” is from the Greek word petra, meaning “a mass of rock” or “a massive rock.”

“Stumbling” is translated from proskommatos, which is made up of pros, meaning “to, toward, or against” and a form of koptō, meaning “to cut” or “to strike.” So, literally this word means “to strike against,” that is, “to stub” or “to stumble.”

The word translated “offense” is the Greek word scandalon. It literally means “a trap stick”, that is, a stick which is bated and used to trap or snare an animal. This word has come to mean “an occasion to fall” or “an offense.”

The word “unbelieving” is translated from apeitheō, which we looked at in the previous verse. It means “disbelieving” or “being disobedient.”

Finally, the word “appointed” is from a form of tithēmi which means “to place”, “to put”, or “to appoint.”

 

Meaning Explained

Not only has Christ become the most important foundation stone upon which Christians and the church as a whole are built, but He has become a different kind of stone for those who reject Him.

Peter is saying that Christ has become a firm cornerstone to believers but to those who stub themselves on the Word (that is, they don’t believe the simple message contained in the Bible), He is a stubbing stone and a massive rock that traps. The reason they stub themselves is because they do not believe, to which condition they were appointed (because they are not among the chosen ones). This interpretation has been hotly debated for centuries but those who interpret the Bible literally understand it to be consistent with the doctrine of election.

Now, lest we get the wrong idea from what Peter is saying, these who do not believe are condemned because they are disobedient. They are not disobedient because they are condemned. That is, God does not “cause” them to be disobedient; He simply judges them for their disobedience.

And … God does not hide the truth from these disobedient ones, but Satan does:

whose minds the god of this age [Satan] has blinded, who do not believe, lest the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine on them. (2Corinthians 4:4)

 

Application

Those who do not believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that He died on the cross to pay for their sins, are condemned for their disobedience. They are disobedient by their very nature (sin nature), not because God caused them to be disobedient. They are personally responsible for their sins, just as we are. The difference is that we have accepted Jesus’ payment for our sins and they haven’t

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:7 – Foundational Judge

Therefore, to you who believe, is the preciousness; but to the unbelieving ones, "the stone which the builders rejected became the head of the corner,"

Truth to Learn

What you believe about Jesus determines the role He plays in your life, both now and eternally.

 

Behind the Words

The word translated “believe,” is pisteuō, meaning “to believe” or “to have faith.” It is expressed here as a present participle and could be expressed as “the believing ones.”

“Unbelieving” is translated from apeitheō, which literally means “someone who is not persuaded” or “someone who does not believe.” Through common usage, however, it has come to mean “one who is disobedient.” This, too, is expressed in the current verse as a present participle and could be expressed as “disobeying ones.”

The word “rejected” is translated from apodokimadzō, which is a compound word made up of apo, meaning “from” or “away from” and dokimadzō, meaning “to test” or “to approve.” Hence, it means “to disapprove” or “to reject.”

In the previous verse we saw that “chief cornerstone” was the translation of the Greek words lithon akrogōniaios. In the current verse it is translated from kephalēn gōnias, which literally means “head of the corner.”

 

Meaning Explained

In verses 2 and 4 of this chapter, Peter refers to Christ, the cornerstone, as precious, having great value. In this verse he makes a distinction between what this cornerstone is to true believers and what this stone (stumbling stone) is to unbelievers. To those of us who believe, He is truly precious, but to the disobedient ones, those who reject Christ, He is a stumbling stone, as Peter will say in the next verse. In the current verse, Peter is pulling together the contents of three different Old Testament passages:

And He shall be a sanctuary for you, but for a stone of stumbling, and for a rock of falling to both the houses of Israel, for a trap and for a snare to the people of Jerusalem (Isaiah 8:14)

therefore so says the Lord Jehovah, Behold, I place in Zion a Stone for a foundation, a tried Stone, a precious Cornerstone, a sure Foundation; he who believes shall not hurry (Isaiah 28:16)

The Stone which the builders refused has become the Head of the corner (Psalms 118:22)

The Jews, you see, took delight in the verses which portrayed their Messiah as a bearer of blessing, while they overlooked those references to His retribution and offense. Peter is making it clear to his readers that Christ is one and the same with the Messiah and, depending on what you believe about Him, is either a Savior or a Judge.

 

Application

I sometimes make assumptions about the people who read these daily devotional studies. I assume that you already believe Jesus is the Christ, the Messiah, the Son of God, and that you have accepted Him as your Lord and Savior. If that’s true, then Jesus is your sure foundation. Otherwise, He is your Judge and you will be found eternally guilty!

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:6 – Chief Cornerstone

Therefore it is also contained in the Scripture, "Behold, I lay in Zion a chosen, precious chief cornerstone, and he who believes on Him will by no means be put to shame."

Truth to Learn

Jesus Christ is the main foundation stone of the church.

 

Behind the Words

“Chief cornerstone” is translated from the Greek words, lithon akrogōniaios. Lithon refers to “a building block” and akrogoniaios is a compound word made up of akro, meaning “highest, extreme, or most important” and gōnia, meaning “corner.” Hence, it means “most important cornerstone.”

The expression “by no means” is translated from the two Greek words ou . Both of these Greek words imply negation. Me expresses a conditional negation, implying that one believes or supposes a thing not to exist. Ou, on the other hand, expresses the direct and full negation independently and in an absolute sense. When the two words are used together, as in this verse, it expresses the emphatic, absolute, unconditional negation.

 

Meaning Explained

Peter has just talked about us being living stones built up as a spiritual house. He now refers to the foundation that this house is built upon. He also takes this occasion to demonstrate that this is none other than the Messiah referred to in the Old Testament. He does so by quoting Isaiah 28:16.

The cornerstone was the most important part of a foundation in those times. It was the stone which determined the location, direction, and elevation which the entire building was to occupy. If it was incorrectly placed, it would affect the entire building. If it was not strong and sturdy enough, it could jeopardize the entire structure. Jesus is the cornerstone of our faith and of the church. Everything we do as Christians must be founded on who He is and what He did.

The expression “chief corner” is used in only one other place in the Bible, Ephesians 2:20. Reading that passage sheds a little more light on the cornerstone of our faith:

So, therefore, you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, having been built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief cornerstone, in whom the whole building, being fitted together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord, in whom you also are being built together into a dwelling place of God in the Spirit. (Ephesians 2:19-22)

The final phrase of today’s verse, “and he who believes on Him will by no means be put to shame.” is taken from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament). A direct translation of the original Hebrew version actually reads, “and he who believes on him shall not make haste.” The notion is that one who is disgraced or confounded often runs away, which is why the translators of the Septuagint, believing this to be the intended meaning, rendered it as “disgraced.”

 

Application

We are to be an integral, active part of the church. We, all saved believers, are the body of Christ as we are told in Romans 12:5 and 1 Corinthians 12:27. And, we are to be building up the body. You can’t do this if you are isolated from the rest of the body. So, are you building the church based on your own works or the finished work of Jesus Christ?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:5 – Our Priestly Sacrifices

you also, as living stones, are being built up a spiritual house, a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.

Truth to Learn

All true Christians are priests and we are to offer sacrifices.

 

Behind the Words

The expression “are being built up” is translated from oikodomeō, meaning “to build a house.” It is expressed here as a present passive participle, indicating current continuous action that is being done to the subject. Hence, it could be paraphrased as “you are currently and continuously being built.”

“Priesthood” is translated from hierateuma, which refers to a group of priests.

The word “holy,” which describes “priesthood,” is from the Greek word hagios, meaning “set apart for God’s use.”

“Acceptable” is translated from the Greek word euprosdektos, which is a compound of eu, meaning “good” or “well” and a form of prosdekomai, meaning “to receive” or “to accept.” Hence, it refers to something that is “well received.”

 

Meaning Explained

Peter is about to embark on a treatise regarding the temple and the priesthood and he is doing so for a good reason. Up until the time of the writing of this epistle (somewhere between AD 55 and AD 65), the focus of worship and sacrifice unto Jehovah God had been in Jerusalem. Unbeknownst to Peter, however, is the fact that the Roman army under the Emperor Titus (son of Vespasian) was about to destroy the temple (in AD 70). In the church age the only temple of God is the body of believers themselves. There is no need for a separate priesthood to offer sacrifices because our high priest, Jesus, has already offered the ultimate sacrifice to the saving of our souls.

Peter started this treatise in the previous verse when he referred to Christ as a living stone. He now tells us that we, also, are living stones by which a spiritual house is built. He also tells us that we are a holy priesthood, we have been set-apart for God’s use, and our purpose is to offer up spiritual sacrifices. These sacrifices are not to atone for sins (as was done by Old Testament priests), and they are not to pay for our salvation, for that has already been done. We, as priests, are not to offer up physical sacrifices, rather sacrifices of a spiritual nature, which are to be acceptable, or approved, or well-pleasing to God. The reason they are well pleasing is because they are offered up from us by our High Priest, Jesus Christ himself.

A sacrifice is defined as the surrender or destruction of something prized or desirable for the sake of something or someone else. We, as part of God’s holy priesthood, are to offer spiritual sacrifices to God. The first sacrifice we need to offer is ourselves:

I urge you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies a holy, living sacrificely, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. (Romans 12:1)

 

Application

Are you fulfilling your priestly duty to God? Are you offering up spiritual sacrifices? Have you placed yourself on the altar? Have you relinquished control of your life and your future to God? … Is it time for prayer?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:4 – A Precious Stone

Coming to Him as to a living stone, rejected indeed by men, but chosen by God and precious,

Truth to Learn

We have the great privilege of directly approaching our Lord.

 

Behind the Words

“Coming” is translated from the Greek word proserchomai, made up of pros, meaning “to” or “toward,” and erchomai, meaning “to come” or “to go.” Adding pros to the verb, which already means “to come,” intensifies the intent. Hence, the meaning is “coming very near to Him.” This is further intensified by the words pros on (meaning “to Him”) which appear before proserchomai. Finally, this word is expressed as a present tense participle indicating continuous, repeated action. Hence, the first part of this verse could be paraphrased as, “Continually coming directly to Him …”

The word translated “rejected” is the Greek word, apodokimadzo, which means “to disapprove” or “to reject.”

“Chosen” is translated from eklektos, which means “the selected one,” or “the chosen one.”

The word “precious” is the Greek word entimos, made up of en, meaning “in” and a form of time, meaning “honor, esteem, or value.” It is used here to describe the chosen one; He is “the honored chosen one” or “the precious chosen one.”

 

Meaning Explained

The “Him” in this verse refers to “the Lord” in the previous verse. This is an obvious reference to Jesus our risen Lord. Those of us who have experienced salvation and God’s provision, repeatedly come to Him. He is referred to here as “a living stone,” which is a reference to Isaiah 28:16 which says:

Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious cornerstone, a sure foundation: he that believeth shall not make haste

or possibly to Psalms 118:22 which says:

The stone which the builders rejected has become the headstone of the corner.

Not only was Christ rejected and crucified by the Jews, but He continues to be rejected by unbelievers on a daily basis. This same stone who was rejected by men has been chosen by God, according to Peter. Furthermore, he tells us that He was selected as the Honored One.

This Christ, or Lord, unto whom we came at salvation and unto whom we come daily for forgiveness and spiritual sustenance, was chosen by the trinity before time began to be to one who would become a man, live a perfect life, and willingly give that life for us. He is the One who has become the foundation for the church universal, to be built upon by those who would accept His sacrifice and willingly serve Him. Peter’s next verse will complete this thought.

 

Application

Think about how often you come to Christ for comfort or direction, either in prayer or through the reading of His Word. You do so because you have a privileged relationship. Because you have accepted the gift of salvation, you are the children of God; therefore, you can come to the living stone. And because of this you can offer yourself as an additional building block of the church universal when you submit to Him and serve Him.

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:2 – Spiritual Craving

as newborn babies, desire the reasonable, sincere milk of the word, that you may grow in it,

Truth to Learn

The moment we became a Christian we started craving spiritual food.

 

Behind the Words

“Newborn” is translated from the Greek word artigennētos, which is made up of arti, meaning “just now” or “just recently” and gennētos, meaning “to be born.” Hence it means “just born” or “new born.”

The word “babies” is from brephos, meaning “an infant.”

The word translated “desire” is epipotheo, which doesn’t simply mean to desire but “to earnestly desire” or “to crave” something.

The word translated “sincere” is the Greek word adolon, which literally means “not deceitful.” Notice the play on words since the things we are commanded to lay aside are all deceitful types of things but the nourishment of the Word is just the opposite.

 

Meaning Explained

As with most cases in the Bible, when we are commanded to remove or lay aside something we are also told to put on, or start doing, something else. In the previous verse Peter told us to lay aside a number of unholy actions, each of which is associated with self-will. In exchange for laying aside such things we are to crave the sincere milk of the word like newborn babies.

One of the characteristics of a little baby is that he or she is always hungry. Likewise young Christians should always be craving the nourishment of the Word of God. Personally, I question the salvation of any Christian who isn’t hungry for the Word.

Now, let me carry this one step further. Unfortunately, today there are many Christians who, though they have been saved for many years, are still drinking from a bottle when it comes to feeding on the Word of God. The writer of Hebrews put it this way:

For though by this time you ought to be teachers, you have need again for someone to teach you the elementary principles of the oracles of God, and you have come to need milk and not solid food. For everyone who partakes only of milk is not accustomed to the word of righteousness, for he is an infant. But solid food is for the mature, who because of practice have their senses trained to discern good and evil. (Hebrews 5:12-14)

The only way we will continue to grow as Christians is to have consistent time in the Word and to expose ourselves to preaching and teaching that will provide us spiritual meat.

 

Application

Is it your constant desire to become more Christ-like? Do you have a craving to learn more about the truths of God’s Word? Are you getting that spiritual meat?

If you did not answer a resounding “Yes!” to all of these questions, perhaps a time of prayerful discussion with your heavenly Father is in order!

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved

1 Peter 2:3 – Tasting God’s Provision

if indeed you have tasted that the Lord is gracious.

Truth to Learn

Our Heavenly Father treats us very well.

 

Behind the Words

“If indeed” is translated from eiper, which is a compound word made up of ei, meaning “if” and per, meaning “perhaps” or “indeed.” The best manuscripts, however, use the word ei, meaning “if.” For this reason, we have included the word “indeed” in itallics.

In the New Testament there are three types of conditional phrases (in secular Greek literature there is a fourth). The first class conditional phrase implies reality and can be interpreted as, “if, and it is assumed so…” Hence, it is sometimes interpreted as “since,” rather than ‘if’. The second class condition is the condition of irrealis, or unreality and can be interpreted as, “if, and it is assumed not so…” The third class condition carries with it no assumption as to the reality of the condition. The differences between the various conditional clauses in Greek are distinguished by the grammatical construction of the text.

The conditional clause in the current verse is a first class condition and, therefore, could be translated as:

 If indeed you have tasted that the Lord is gracious, and I assume you have.

The word translated “tasted” is the word geuomai, which means “to taste,” but figuratively it means “to experience something.” It is expressed here in the aorist tense, showing action that was completed at a point in time in the past.

The word “gracious” is translated from the Greek word chrēstos, which is from the verb chraomai, meaning “to make use of,” “to make the most of,” or “to treat well.” This noun form means, “one who provides what is needed.”

 

Meaning Explained

First, let’s see what Peter is NOT saying here. He is not saying that there is a question about the readers’ salvation. He made that very clear in the previous chapter:

[you who are] chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father … who according to His great mercy has begotten us again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead …who are kept by the power of God through faith … (selections from 1 Peter 1:2-5)

Neither is Peter questioning whether his readers have already experienced the Lord’s provision for their needs in the past. In fact, we see from the grammatical construction of this sentence that Peter is assuming that his readers indeed have experienced that gracious provision.

Because we have experienced God’s watch care over us, we should be willing, even eager, to lay aside our bad habits and we should have a craving for the sincere milk of the Word of God. We should be so delighted and amazed that the God of all creation cares for each one of us individually, that we should desire to act and be as He wants us to. And, we should have an uncontrollable desire to read His Word so that we can know Him better and so we can be more like Him.

 

Application

Have you experienced the wonder of salvation? If so, do you have a burning desire to be obedient to your Heavenly Father and to learn more about Him through His Word?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2016 Will Krause. All rights reserved