Category: James 2

James 2:16 – Are You Rich?

Posted on by Will

and one of you should say to them, "Go in peace, be warmed and filled," but you would not give to them the things which are needed for the body, what is the gain?

Truth to Learn

True faith in Christ is made evident by what we do, not what we say.

Behind the Words

A form of the word legō is translated here as “should say.” It is expressed in the subjunctive mood indicating an action that is possible or probable.

“Go” is from the Greek word hupagete, which is made up of hupo, meaning “under,” but used here to denote a covert or secret action, and agō, meaning “to go.” Hence, this word means “to go away secretly” or “to get out of sight.” It is expressed here in the imperative mood indicating that the person talking (you) is giving a command.

The word translated “be warmed” is thermainō, meaning “to be heated or warmed.” And, the word translated “filled” is chortadzō, meaning “to be completely filled with food” or “to be gorged with food.” Both of these words are expressed in the middle voice (action done to the subject) and the imperative mood (command).

“Would … give” is from the Greek verb didomi, meaning “to give of one’s own accord and with good will.” This word is also expressed in the subjunctive mood indicating an action that is possible or probably.

“Things which are needed” is translated from “epitēdeios,” which refers to “the things which are necessary.” This is the only place in the New Testament where this Greek word in used.

“Gain” is the word ophelos which we looked at in verse fourteen. It refers to that which is heaped up, that is, the excess or the gain.

Meaning Explained

This is a continuation of the previous verse which said:

If a brother or sister is naked and should be lacking daily food,

James is saying that sending someone away with a blessing, someone who has needs that you can fill, is not an act of faith. James is making a case in these and the following verses that if you don’t put your faith into action then its lifeless faith.

I was in Chicago one evening walking down Michigan Avenue. There I was approached by a homeless woman asking for some food money for her and her two children. In the past I had not given money to street beggars because you never know if they are in need because of laziness or because of unfortunate circumstances, and who knows what they are really going to do with the money. So, I politely declined this young woman’s request for help and, as I walked away I thought, “I’ll just pray for her that her needs will be met.” Boy, did God ever convict me of that! Though I don’t have a lot, I am rich compared to her, and yet I was unwilling to help her out just because I didn’t want to possibly be taken advantage of. James would have been ashamed of me!

Sometime later I was in Portland, Oregon, sitting in my car in a parking lot. There, a man approached my car, so I rolled down the window. He said that he was on his way to Vancouver, Washington (about 30 miles away), that he had run out of gas, and had no money to buy gas. I readily gave him enough money to get well past Vancouver. Did I know for a fact that he was out of gas? No, but I didn’t have to deal with the convicting work of the Holy Spirit for being selfish and judgmental. I think James would have been proud!

James’ point, in these few verses, is that it’s easy to talk about how spiritual we are, but a living faith is faith in action.

Application

Unless you live below the poverty line, you have more riches than 95% of the world’s population. The problem with having money is that we never think we have enough. Compared to many others, however, we have great riches. One way of demonstrating our faith is by sharing our abundance with someone who has a lot less. Let’s not just talk about our faith, let’s put it into action every chance we get.

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:15 – The Invisible Poor

Posted on by Will

If a brother or sister is naked and should be lacking daily food,

Truth to Learn

We often don’t even notice those members of our church having the greatest needs.

Behind the Words

“If” is translated from the Greek word ean, which is used here (along with the subjunctive mood of the verb) to denote a third class conditional clause. As we saw in the previous verse, this indicates the possibility of something being true but not assumed to be one way or the other.

Previously we looked at the word adelphos, meaning “brother.” Here we now have the feminine form of this word, adelphe, meaning “sister.” James is talking about a man or a woman who is a fellow Christian.

The word translated “naked” is gumnos, which can refer to someone who is absolutely naked or someone who has very little or shabby clothing.

“Should be” is not translated from the normal verb of being, but from huparchō. This is a word made up of hupo (or hypo), meaning “under” and archō, which means “to begin.” It refers to a condition of being and could be translated as “exists.” Hence, James is referring to a brother or sister who exists in a condition of having insufficient food.

Leipō is the word translated “lacking.” This word means “to leave” or “to forsake.” Used, as it is here in the passive voice, it means someone who is left without something.

The word “daily” is translated from ephēmeros. This is made up of epi, meaning “upon or over” and hēmera, meaning a day. It refers to that which lasts for only a single day. It is the word from which we get our English word ephemeral, meaning something that is fleeting or that lasts for only a short time.

Meaning Explained

James is using a grammatical device called hyperbole (which, in Greek, means “to throw over” or “to overstate”). He is stating an extreme case as if it were the general rule. Teenagers are masters of the use of hyperbole, saying such things as “I’m starving” or “You never let me do that.”

This verse, like several we have looked at previously, cannot stand on its own. It needs the following verses to make sense. James is using an exaggerated example to make a point about the difference between a faith in words and a faith in action. This verse could be interpreted as:

If one of our fellow Christians should be regularly dressed is shabby or inadequate clothing and does not even have enough food to feed himself, or herself, on a daily basis …

This is an example of James’ very practical writing style. He doesn’t talk about theological concepts in an abstract manner but in a down-to-earth, put-it-on-and-wear-it manner. That’s what makes this book so practical. It’s Christianity in action!

Application

In keeping with what James has been teaching us about the way we discriminate against the poor and lonely of our churches while favoring the rich and famous, let me give you a challenge. Next Sunday, look around your church and specifically note those who are poor and needy. It’s quite likely that you will see people who you have never even noticed before. They are the ones who need your mercy. What are you going to do about it?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

 

James 2:14 – Profitable Works

Posted on by Will

What is the gain, my brothers, if someone should say he has faith and not have works? Is that faith able to save him?

Truth to Learn

There is no evidence of saving faith unless it is demonstrated by works.

Behind the Words

“Gain” is translated from the Greek word ophelos, which is the noun form of the verb ophellō, meaning “to heap up.” James’ question “what gain?” is a rhetorical question as if he is a little impatient with his readers.

The word translated “brothers” is from adelphos which is made up of a as a connective participle and delphus, meaning “the womb.” Hence it literally means those who have the same mother. It is used throughout the New Testament to refer to those who are brothers and sisters in Christ.

The verb “should say” is translated from legō which literally means “to lay forth.” It is used to express a discourse between two people. The word is used here as part of a conditional clause. This is what in Greek is referred to as a third class condition where the if statement (the protasis) is possibly true but not assumed to be either true or false.

James uses the word “works” for the first time in this verse. It is translated from the Greek word ergon, which refers to “toil or work.” This word, as used here, refers to any action which is done for religious purposes.

Meaning Explained

What may appear here to be an abrupt change of topic is really a logical transition. James started out this chapter talking about not showing favoritism based on someone’s appearance, then moved on to telling us that we should love others as ourselves and that our actions should be a demonstration of our position in Christ.

Several verses back James introduced the notion of keeping the law. The actions done to satisfy the law are works and he alluded to the Judgment Seat of Christ where the works of Christians will be judged. So it is a very natural transition for him to now elaborate on Christian works.

But one might then argue that it is not our works, but faith that is central to our salvation. This is what the Apostle Paul teaches us in the book of Ephesians:

For by the grace of God you are, having been saved through faith, and this not of yourselves; it is the gift of God; not of works, that no one should boast (Ephesians 2:8,9)

James is not arguing against salvation by faith alone, as it might appear if this verse is taken out of context. He is saying, as we shall see in the coming verses, that our works are the evidence of our salvation, rather than the source of it.

Application

The idea that we are saved by works apart from faith is nowhere taught in the New Testament. We cannot earn our salvation, because we can never measure up to God’s righteousness without faith. But salvation by faith in Christ does not entitle a Christian to live however he or she pleases. Our manner of life (our works) is the evidence of the saving faith that has already occurred.

James 2:13 – Merciless Judgment

Posted on by Will

For judgment will be without mercy to the one not having shown mercy. Mercy rejoices over judgment.

Truth to Learn

Our merciful actions in this life will have eternal results.

Behind the Words

The word “judgment” is translated from krisis, which literally refers to a separation, hence a dividing between two things, or a judgment.

“Without mercy” is translated from anileōs, which is made up of the negative particle a, meaning “not” or “without” and hileōs, meaning “merciful.” Hence, it means “not merciful.”

The word translated “mercy” in the last two instances of this verse is translated from eleos, meaning “compassion.” There is a subtle difference between hileōs identified above and this word. Whereas hileōs (mercy) refers to the discretionary power of a judge to pardon someone or to mitigate punishment, eleos (compassion) refers to a feeling of deep sympathy for the unfortunate condition of another and to be kind and forgiving as a result.

Katakauchaomai is the Greek word translated “rejoices.” It is composed of kata, meaning “against” and kauchaomai, meaning “to boast” of “to rejoice.” It literally means “to speak loudly against, to boast against, or to rejoice against.”

Meaning Explained

In the previous verse, James talked about those who will be judged by the law of liberty (Christians). He pointed out that we should act in a righteous way because we are free to do so. In this verse he says that compassion is one form of that righteous action and it will defend us when our works are judged.

In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus said a similar thing to what James is saying here:

“Blessed are the merciful! For they shall obtain mercy” (Matthew 5:7).

James is talking about those of us who are under the law of liberty, that is, Christians. All unsaved people will appear before the Great White Throne judgment (Revelations 20:11-15) where their sins will be judged. They will be condemned to the Lake of Fire because they are sinful, not righteous. Christians, on the other hand, will appear before the Judgment Seat of Christ where our works will be judged. Our sins will not be judged there, because they were all judged at the cross. The works that we do in the name of Christ, including being compassionate to the poor and oppressed of this world, will result in rewards for the believer. All other works will be burned up without mercy.

So, what James is saying is that if you are truly saved, you are no longer a slave to sin and you should be practicing righteousness, mercy, and love. If you are not saved, you cannot practice these because you are a slave to sin.

Application

When was the last time you had an opportunity to show mercy to someone else? No, I’m not referring to putting some spare change in the kettle at Christmas time. I’m talking about not taking action against someone who wronged you, even though you have the right and the opportunity to do so. Let’s all look for opportunities to be compassionate and merciful.

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:12 – Active Evidence

Posted on by Will

So speak and so do as those who are about to be judged by the law of liberty.

Truth to Learn

Our words and actions should be an indication of the freedom we have in Christ.

Behind the Words

“So” is a translation of the Greek word houtōs, which is a connecting adverb tying the previous thought to the one about to be expressed. It can variously be translated as, “so,” “in this way,” or “thus.”

The word translated “speak” is laleō, which refers to all kinds of conversation. It is often used to refer to casual conversation whereas the Greek word legō refers to conversations involving the intellectual part of man. It is expressed here in the imperative mood indicating a command.

Poieō is the Greek word translated “do” in this verse. Both this and laleō, mentioned above, are written in the present tense, active voice, and imperative mood. This means that James is commanding us to continually be speaking and doing.

The Greek word translated “liberty” is eleutheria, which means “freedom,” “unrestrained,” or “not a slave.” The noun form of this word refers to a person who has the freedom to go wherever he or she wants, as opposed to a slave who cannot leave his or her master.

Meaning Explained

Many of the members of the early church were converted Jews who had been raised under the Law of Moses. They had previously regulated their lives based on what the Law said they could and could not do. Through James’ teaching, God is beginning to show them that they are no longer bound to the requirements of the law. But neither are they free to behave any way they want to. There is another law that should govern the actions of Christians, which James refers to as the law of liberty. The Law of Moses was one which enslaved, but the law of liberty liberates us from the Law of Moses.

Paul taught the same thing to the Christians in Rome:

Do you not know that to whom you present yourselves slaves to obey, you are slaves to whom you obey, whether of sin leading to death, or of obedience leading to righteousness? But thanks be to God that though you were slaves of sin, yet you obeyed from the heart that form of doctrine to which you were delivered. And having been set free from sin, you became slaves to righteousness. (Romans 6:16-18)

We are no longer under the bondage of sin and slaves to it. We have been set free from sin and have become the servants of righteousness. Before we accepted Christ we could not avoid sin because we were slaves to it. Now, through Christ, we don’t have to sin but we are free to act as God wants us to because we have been declared “righteous.” Our speech and conduct need to reflect our righteous position before God.

Application

Think about the last few times you were in a secular environment. Perhaps you work with a lot of unsaved people, or perhaps you have a number of unsaved friends. Does your behavior in their presence show them of your freedom to please God, or does it show them how enslaved you are to rules?

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:11 – Transgressing the Law

Posted on by Will

For He who said, "You shall not commit adultery," also said, "You shall not murder." Now if you do not commit adultery, but you do murder, you have become a transgressor of the law.

Truth to Learn

In God’s courtroom no sin is greater than any other. Every sin carries the penalty of death, apart from God’s grace.

Behind the Words

The word translated “adultery” is the Greek word moicheuō, which refers to a husband or wife who has sexual relations with anyone other than their legally married spouse.

“Transgressor” is translated from parabatēs. This is a compound word made up of para, meaning “beyond” and a form of bainō, meaning “to go.” Hence, it means “to go beyond,” that is, to cross the line.

Meaning Explained

This verse can easily lose its real meaning when separated from the preceding verses. Remember that James is talking about showing favoritism to rich people and discriminating against poor people. He has also pointed out that the highest law says that we should love our neighbors as ourselves. In the previous verse we saw that if someone were to keep the entire law and yet stumble in but one point, he or she is guilty of every part of the law.

James is now using two of the worst types of offenses against other persons to drive home his point. Both adultery and murder violate the sanctity that God has placed on us; one on life itself, and the other on the marriage relationship (which is a symbol of our relationship with Christ). Keeping one while violating the other is just as bad as violating both of the injunctions.

Now, you may be asking yourself, “Why is James making such a big deal about the law? I thought that Christians weren’t under the law, but under grace.” That’s correct. We are not under the Law of Moses and we aren’t under the Ten Commandments, per se. The law was given to the Old Testament Jews as their pattern of righteousness. For Christians, Christ, not the law, is our pattern of righteousness. If you look carefully, you will see that nine of the Ten Commandments are repeated in the New Testament. The only one that isn’t repeated is the third one: Remember the Sabbath Day to keep it holy. We Christians are never told to keep the Sabbath Day (incidentally, the Sabbath is the seventh day, not the first day). And, even when the other nine commandments are given to us in the New Testament Epistles, they are not given as law but as instruction in righteousness.

That doesn’t mean that Christians are free to live any way we want, without repercussions. God does not say to Christians, “If you steal, you are condemned to death.” Or “If you commit adultery, you will lose your salvation.” Rather He says: “I have saved you by My grace. Now I want you to live a holy life out of love for Me.”

As James will show us in the next verse, we are actually under a higher law than the Ten Commandments, the law of liberty.

Application

If you are worried about losing your salvation or missing the rapture because you have committed an intentional act of sin, you can stop worrying. All of our sins, intentional or accidental (even those which we haven’t yet committed) are paid for by the blood of Christ!

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:10 – Guilty of All

Posted on by Will

For whoever shall keep the whole law, but stumbles in one point, he has become guilty of all of them.

Truth to Learn

Even a single little accidental sin condemns us as unrighteous.

Behind the Words

The Greek verb translated “shall keep” is tereō which is the word used of a guard keeping watch over a prisoner. This word can also mean to “hold fast” or to “keep.” It is expressed in the subjunctive mood, so it could be translated, “might keep.”

“Whole” is translated from holos, which means “the whole thing.” Hence, James is referring to the entire body of laws which the Jews were expected to keep.

The word “stumble” is a form of ptaiō, meaning “to trip or stumble.” James’ point is that this is an unintentional commission of an act.

“Guilty” is translated from enochos which is made up of en, meaning “in or on” and a form of echō, meaning “to have” or “to hold.” Therefore, this word means “to be ensnared” or “to be held on to.”

The word translated “of all” is pantōn, meaning “all” but it is a possessive plural adjective. Hence, it means, “of all of them.”

Meaning Explained

James is now drawing an application based on the summary that he just declared in the past two verses. After reading these two verses, someone might say, “But it’s not such a big thing to show favoritism. I mean, it’s not like I just killed someone!”

Some churches teach that there are minor sins and there are major, or cardinal, sins. James disputes that. He uses exaggeration here to make his point. He says that if there were someone who should be able to keep the entire body of the law, and yet should accidentally slip-up on one little thing, he is just as guilty as if he had broken every law – including murder.

In God’s book of records, He judges us all based on keeping all of His laws. Unless we live a perfect life and do not violate a single part of His law, we are marked as unrighteous. And, according to Romans 6:23, the penalty for our sin is death. Jesus Christ is the only man who is able to live His entire life without violating any of God’s laws (because He is God). We, on the other hand, have a sin nature and are incapable of living a sinless life, which is why we need a sinless Savior who was willing to pay the penalty for our sins with His life.

So – if we treat others differently, simply based on how they look or how they dress, we are guilty of sin no matter how insignificant we think this type of action might be. Even if we do it unintentionally, we are guilty and must pay the penalty.

Application

Are you trying to please God by living as good a life as you can? If so, then one day, when you stand before the Judgment of God, you will be declared unrighteous and sentenced to eternal death in the lake of fire. No ifs, ands, or buts. On the other hand, if you have humbled yourself before Almighty God, confessed yourself to be a sinner, and accepted His free gift of life through the blood of His Son, then you are now legally declared to be righteous and you will spend eternity in heaven with Him.

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:9 – Sinful Favoritism

Posted on by Will

but if you show partiality, you commit sin, being convicted by the law as transgressors.

Truth to Learn

When we show special attention to those who are rich and powerful, we are sinning!

Behind the Words

“But if you show partiality” is a conditional clause, which, based on the grammatical construction, is a first class condition. There are three classes of conditional clauses in the Greek New Testament. The first class condition assumes the “if” clause (called the protasis) is true. Since James has just accused us of showing partiality, it is natural that he would use this first class condition. Because of this, some would use the word “since” rather than “if.”

The word translated “partiality” is a word that we looked at in verse one of this chapter, literally meaning “to lift up the face on a person,” that is, to show favoritism. Hence, in its root meaning, it refers to “treating one person in a more favorable way than another.”

The word translated “commit” is from the Greek word ergadzomai, which refers to “work or toil,” as one would do for an occupation. It is much stronger than the word poieō, meaning “to do,” which is usually used in reference to sinning. Hence, James is saying that when we show partiality, we are working hard at sinning. This is not something that a Christian should be doing.

“Convicted” is translated from a form of elegchō, meaning “to reprove, rebuke, or tell a fault.” Used as it is here, it implies a rebuke which produces a belief of the transgression without need of further proof or evidence.

Meaning Explained

Continuing on James’ summary of this topic from the previous verse, we now see the other shoe drop. In the previous verse, James said, “If you are as concerned for the good of others as you are for yourself, you do well.” Now he says, “but since you show favoritism toward someone because of their outward appearance, you are being selfish, you are committing sin, and the law declares you to be guilty.”

In these first nine verses of chapter two, James is talking about rich people and poor people, and the way we treat them. Notice, however, that James does not rebuke us for our treatment of poor people nearly as much as he does for our treatment of the rich. We tend to focus our attention on the outward appearance of people. The more beautiful and well off a person appears, the more we are attracted to them. We are more likely to talk to a rich person and try to make him or her feel welcome in our church than we are a poor person. That’s sinful!

God, on the other hand, does not focus on the outward appearance and, in fact, seems to favor the poor people by making them rich in faith. After all, when we have wealth, why do we need to have faith in God? But, when we are poor and in need, our faith gets strengthened.

Application

Most of us are willing to witness about salvation to the poor and homeless because it appears that they really need Christ. Today, let’s be just as willing to witness to rich and powerful people. They need Him even more!

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:8 – Love Others

Posted on by Will

If indeed you fulfill the royal law according to the Scripture, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself," you do well;

Truth to Learn

The greatest thing we can do for others is to love them like we love ourselves.

Behind the Words

“Fulfill” is the word teleō, which means “to fulfill” or “to complete.” It is a stronger word than the normal tēreō, which means “to keep” or “to observe.” This verb is in the present tense, active voice, and indicative mood. This identifies the verb as one of current, continuous action. So, he is saying, “If you are really continually fulfilling …”

The Greek word translated “royal” is, basilikos which means “regal” or “preeminent.” This means that it is the highest or preeminent law, which should guide our every action.

Nomos is the Greek word translated “law.” This word refers to the entire body of the law which the Jews were to keep. James could have used the word entolē, meaning “commandment,” for it is a commandment that he quotes. His purpose for using nomos, however, is to say that the entire set of commandments is summed-up in one, and it is the preeminent one.

The word “love” is the Greek agapaō, the self-sacrificing love which Christ demonstrated for us on the cross.

Meaning Explained

So, what is this highest, or preeminent, law that James is talking about? According to Jesus, when asked by a lawyer what the greatest law is:

You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like it, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. (Matthew 22:37-39)

James is quoting what Jesus called the second greatest commandment. So why does he say that it is the preeminent one? The two that Jesus cited have to do with our relationship with God the Father and our relationship with other people. If we look at the Ten Commandments we see that the first four apply to our relationship with God and the other six apply to our relationship with others. Therefore, when Jesus quoted the two greatest commandments he was summing-up all ten.

James, on the other hand, is only dealing with our relationship with others, so he quotes the preeminent commandment having to do with how we treat others. He says that if we live our lives by continually loving others with a self-sacrificing love, this is good. This is James’ summary of his discussion in the previous six verses on how we treat rich people and poor people differently based on their appearance. He will complete his summary in the next verse.

Application

Though we sometimes don’t want to admit it, we all love ourselves. We take care of ourselves, we feed ourselves when we get hungry, we buy things for ourselves, and we even choose a mate for ourselves based on what we like. We spend many waking hours thinking about things that will please us. When we do this, our focus is on ourselves. James says that our focus should be on others to the same degree.

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved

James 2:7 – Blasphemous Wealth

Posted on by Will

Don’t they blaspheme that beautiful name by which you are called?

Truth to Learn

The conversation of the rich and famous is more an indication of their devotion to God (or lack thereof) than their wealth.

Behind the Words

The word “blaspheme” is not a translation but a transliteration. That is, the translators took the Greek word and brought it directly into English. The Greek word is blasphemeō. The meaning of the word is “to vilify, speak evil of, or slander.”

“Beautiful” is translated from the Greek word kalos, which means “good” or “beautiful.” This serves to further emphasize the vileness of the blasphemy by these rich people.

The words “name by which you are called” could be more accurately translated, “the name having been called upon you.” The verb “you are called” is a form of epikaleō. This is made up of epi, meaning “on, over, or upon” and kaleō, meaning to call. It is expressed here in the passive voice, indicating something done to the subject. When we are called Christians, we are identified with the Lord Himself. But it is also the name given to us by God when He called us. God chose us and He called us to be His, as Paul says in the book of Romans:

And whom He predestined, these He also called; whom He called, these He also declared righteous; and whom He declared righteous, these He also glorified. (Romans 8:30)

Meaning Explained

James has been speaking about how we hold rich people in higher esteem than poor people. We offer the choice seats in church to these rich people and we treat the poor as if they were trash. We do such things for strictly selfish reasons. We think we can benefit from the wealth of the rich people and we’re afraid of what others will think of us if we are friendly to poor people. That’s nothing more than selfishness, and it is sin! There are some rich people who love Jesus Christ and are submitted to his leading in their lives, but these are the exception rather than the rule. The value we place upon people should be based on their submission to God, not their wealth.

Three of the Gospel writers recounted the story about the devout, rich man who asked Jesus what he must do to inherit eternal life. After the man refused to give up his riches to follow Jesus, Jesus turned to his disciples and said:

“Children, how hard it is for those trusting on riches to enter the kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of the needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.” (Mar 10:24b, 25)

To such people as this, the name of Christ is no more than a swear word.

Application

Do you judge people based on the type of job they have, the type of car they drive, or the house they live in? These may be signs of monetary wealth, but they give you no clue as to a person’s spiritual wealth. You can only tell that by observing how they respond to God’s Word, how they treat others, and especially how they talk.

In God's service, for His glory,

Copyright © 2015 Will Krause. All rights reserved